Diabetes mellitus, the disease with increasing incidence

Primary diabetes is genetically determined and has stagnation. Secondary diabetes occurs in the course of life and occurs through two mechanisms: - endocrine pancreas injury through various factors: infectious, toxic, drugic, etc. . - functional overload of the endocrine pancreas by excess glucose or obesity. A. Type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (juvenile) Appears in a child or young adult (under 40 years) and there is a genetic predisposition.

B. Type II insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (adulthood) Occurs in patients often accompanied by predisposing genetic factors to which environmental factors. C. Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditionsThe following hormone changes, drug treatments or pancreatic resections. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (juvenile) In juvenile diabetes, insulin production is extremely low or absent, and insulin is needed right from the start.

There are no other medicines to replace insulin. You are attributed to multiple factors. First there must be a genetic predisposition. To this is added certain factors (infectious, food, toxic) whose action will cause an immune response against beta cells from. The age at which insulin-dependent diabetes occurs is up to 40 years for most patients.

Almost all those with whom the disease starts up to 30 years have this type of diabetes. The onset of the disease is relatively sudden, the symptoms being evident 2-3 weeks before the diagnosis. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (maturation) Development has insulin resistance. This is defined as a lack of effect on the action of insulin on the cells of the body. As a result, your blood sugar will increase and can not be used by the cells.

The consequence of insulin resistance is hyperinsulinism, an excessive increase in blood insulin concentration due to the strong stimulation of beta cells in the pancreas by increased glycaemia. This leads to the paradoxical situation in which there is also increased blood glucose and increased insulinemia. Excessive stimulation of beta cells by permanent hyperglycaemia will lead to an alteration of insulin production over time, going through the exhaustion of these cells. Etiological factors: - - obesity - - - chemicals and drugs (corticoids, diuretics, anticonvulsants, beta blockers, cytostatics). Signs and symptoms specific to diabetes: - polydipsia (consumption of 2 to 5 liters of fluid per day) - frequent urination - polyphagia (consumption of several meals a day) - paradoxically.

Nonspecific signs and symptoms: - malaise, - asthenia, - generalized skin, - sweet taste in the mouth. In order to establish the diagnosis of diabetes, a series of analyzes are required: • Diabetic blood glucose - increased diagnosis of manifest clinical diabetes • Glycosuria (presence of glucose in urine) - occurs when blood glucose exceeds the renal excretion threshold, ie 180mg% . It is measured in the urine for 24 hours • Ketone bodies (delta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone) The brain uses as its main source of energy glucose. It lasts without the energy generated by glucose for a maximum of two minutes. Subsequently, glucose is replaced by ketone bodies.

As a result of the imbalance of carbohydrate metabolism, the production of ketone bodies increases at high levels resulting in the occurrence and subsequently diabetic ketoacidosis coma. • Glycosylated hemoglobin - is a fraction of hemoglobin that binds with glucose residues. This indicates the mean blood glucose for 6-8 hours, being a very useful parameter in the treatment control. Other useful analyzes are those that investigate: - lipid metabolism (evidence of dyslipidemia): - protein metabolism - hydroelectrolytic metabolism (excretion of sodium and potassium due to polyuria) - acidobase metabolism. The treatment of type I diabetes is made exclusively with insulin.

Adjuvants in treatment are exercise and. Treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus benefits from several therapeutic options. Obligatory, before starting treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs, try to control blood glucose with: - (especially in the obese) - physical exercise - medicinal herbs. Side Effects of Insulin Therapy1. Post-therapeutic hypoglycemia due to too high a dose of insulin - omission of one or more meals - non-observance of the amount of carbon hydrates - intensive without caution - occurrence of chronic complications (chronic) - installation of transient remission (one week before .

2. Allergic reactions3. Resistance to insulin therapy4. 5. Edema (fluid build-up, especially in the lower limbs, after the start of insulin administration, pass within one to two untreated weeks or within a few days if diuretics are used).

Diabetes is a complex disease with multiple implications throughout the body. If the patient knows he is diabetic, the strict adherence to the doctor's recommendation is indicated, as serious complications (diabetic neuropathy, damage to small and large blood vessels, etc. may occur). . ).

To prevent the presence of untreated diabetes, a mandatory set of analyzes (including blood glucose) is recommended, periodically. .